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Ephemeral Fever in cattle and buffalo wth treatment and prevention

Introduction The disease occurs suddenly in cattle and lasts for 3 days so the disease is called Three days Sickness.Although the rate of infection is high,the death rate is low. Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is a disease that affects cattle and occasionally buffaloes and is marked by a short fever , shivering, lameness and muscular stiffness. Also commonly known as 3 day sickness, BEF is an arthropod-borne virus (most likely mosquitoes) and widespread in Queensland. Cause BEF is a viral disease of cattle and buffalo caused by the virus known as Rhabdovirus. Transmission Transmitted through Mosquitoes and biting midges. Clinical findings -High fever (103-106 0 F) -The animal breath frequently -Has a bloated stomach -Pain in joints -Stands with their backs arched and head held low,muzzles extended drooling saliva. -Lameness -Anorexia and weakness -Nasal and ocular discharge -Coughs incompletely -Decrease milk production Post Mortem examination...

About antimicrobial drug resistance -2021

Mechanism of Antibiotics resistance Principle and definition 1.Clinical resistance Clinical resistance to an antimicrobial agent occurs when the MIC of the drug for a particular strain of bacteria exceeds that which death is capable of being achieved with safety in vivo. Resistance to an antimicrobial can arise: i) By mutation in the gene and determines sensitivity/resistance to the agent ii) By acquisition of extrachromosomal DNA carrying a resistance gene. Resistance that appears after introduction of an inter microbial agent into the environment usually results from a selective process, i.e the antibiotics selects for survival of those strains processing a resistance gene. Resistance can be developed in a single step or it can result from the accumulation of multiple mutation. 2.Cross resistance Cross resistance implies that a single mechanism confers resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents while multiple resistances imply that multiple mechani...

ENDOCRINE CHANGES DURING ESTROUS CYCLE

ENDOCRINE CHANGES DURING ESTROUS CYCLE The estrous cycle is controlled by the interaction of FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone. These hormones are common to most domestic animals, however, their secretory patterns and relative effects vary among the species. ( During early development, prior to sexual maturity , very little gonadotropic hormones are secreted and the ovaries, therefore, remain inactive. ( However, around the age of 6 months and above, the pituitary begins to secrete higher levels of the gonadotropic hormones called follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteal hormone (LH). The rise in FSH and LH will initiate the sexual cycle and this cyclical increase and decreases in FSH and LH in turn, control the cyclic ovarian changes and, as such, are responsible for the physiologic events in the normal reproductive cycle of the female animals. The female animal has two ovaries that will produce the ova (eggs) which are contained within follicles that grow toward t...

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