1.By behavioural signs:
• Restlessness
• Bellowing frequently
• Spontaneous sinking of the loin
• Reduced appetite
• Fall in milk yield
• Frequent micturition
• Mounting on the other animals (early heat)
• Accept mounting by other animals (mid heat)
• Mucus discharge flows as a string from vulva to the floor
• Mucus discharge hangs from the vulva to hock
• The mucus string hangs only 25 to 30 cm long (late heat)
• Loin reflex or Tolerance reflex: raises its tail to one
2. By per-rectal examination:
Following changes are found in the oestrus cow/buffalo
• Cervix - Relaxed so that the tip of can be inserted into os
• Tonicity of uterus--Tonic & turgid
• Tubularity of uterine horn--- Round or flat
• Consistency of uterine horn- Meaty
3. By vaginal examination:
Vulval oedema and disappearance of wrinkles.
Entire part of vulval lips light pink--- Early heat
Entire vulval lips dark pink--Mid heat
Entire vulval lips cyanotic---Late heat
4. By laboratory diagnosis:
Laboratory diagnosis of oestrus requires expensive equipments,the procedure is time consuming and it does not give a clear-cut result in every case. Therefore such methods are unsuitable for routine use. The only laboratory method suitable for use in cattle practice is measurement of the electrical resistance of vaginal mucus. Values less than 40 ohms are characteristics of oestrus
5. By a teaser bull:
• In a large farm, use of teaser bull for detection of heat is the most reliable and successful method
• Parading the teaser bull twice daily in the herd.
6. By a trained dog:
Some pheromones are used to communicate information concerned with reproduction
called sex pheromones. The external genitalia and urine contain these pheromones. When
a dog is trained with cow's vaginal fluid, then the dog can detect oestrus cow (87%
accuracy). This inter-species detection of pheromones helps in identifying oestrus in a
herd where artificial insemination is to be used.
7. By fern pattern of cervical mucus:
Principle: Sodium and potassium ions / colloids in the mucus when dried, take the shape of
fern leaf at high oestrogen levels.
8. Use of closed circuit television
9. Use of progesterone assay
10. Pressure-sensitive heat-mount detector, such as KaMar® heat detectors. This device contains a red dye, and is glued on the tail-head between the pins and hooks of the cow (Figure 8). If the cow is mounted, pressure on the device causes the dyes to mix, creating a visible color change, indicating the female has been mounted. These can be incorrectly triggered or lost, resulting in false readings.
11. Electronic pressure-sensitive devices, such at Heatwatch™, are also mounted on the tail-head, and can be used to record the number of occurrences that the female was mounted, and the time that has elapsed since the first mounting. The information can be sent to a computer database, where managers can monitor individual cows and create reports from the data.
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